Credits
The heart of crystalline materials
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IMT, École des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux
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Architecture and Cohesion of Solids
Interatomic bonding
Bonding forces and energies
- Variation in cohesion energy of a crystal as a function of atomic spacing
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Year of discoverery, atomic number and cohesion energy of elements
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Notions of order and disorder
Complete disorder: gases
- Probability of finding an atom at a distance d from another atom in a gas and two-dimensional representation of atoms in a gas
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Perfect order: crystalline solids
- Probability of finding an atom at a distance d from another atom in a crystal and two-dimensional representation of atoms in a crystalline solid
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Amorphous solids
- Probability of finding an atom at a distance d from another atom in an amorphous solid and two-dimensional representation of atoms in an amorphous solid
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Crystallography
Crystal lattices
Definitions
- Crystal lattice, elementary pattern and crystal structure
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Unit cell of a three-dimensional lattice defined by the 3 primitive vectors a, b and c
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Bravais lattices
Cubic system
- Cubic system
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Hexagonal system
- Hexagonal system
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Orthorhombic system
- Orthorhombic system
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Triclinic system
- Triclinic system
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Monoclinic system
- Monoclinic system
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Tetragonal system
- Tetragonal (quadratic) system
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Rhombohedral system
- Rhombohedric system
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Conclusion
- Crystal structure of elements
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Crystal direction and planes
Crystal directions
- Node coordinates in a lattice defined by primitive vectors
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Crystal directions
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Crystal planes
- Miller indices
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Examples of crystal planes and Miller indices
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Some specific relationships
- Distances between crystal planes
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Structures of solids
Solids with metallic bonding
Body-centred cubic structure
- Body-centred cubic structure (unit cells nodes, representation according to the hard sphere model, and plane (110))
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Face-centred cubic structure (FCC)
- Face-centred cubic structure (unit cells nodes, representation according to the hard sphere model, and plane (111))
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Close-packed hexagonal structure (CPH)
- Close-packed hexagonal structure (representation according to the hard sphere model), and base plane
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Solids with covalent bonding
- Diamond cubic structure
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Quartz and cristobalite
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Solids with ionic bonding
- Typical crystal structures of ionic compounds
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Structure of polymers
- C2H4 monomer and macromolecular chain (C2H4)n
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Polymerisation by condensation (polycondensation)
- Polymerisation by condensation of nylon 6-6: a) Monomers, b) Formation of nylon 6-6, c) Polymerisation chain reaction
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Classification of polymers
- Chain-branched and cross-linked polymers
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Amorphous (random coil) and semi-crystalline polymer structure
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Properties related to the crystal structure
Thermal expansion
- Dissymmetry of both bonding force and cohesion energy around the equilibrium interatomic distance
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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A few orders of magnitude
- Properties related to the structure
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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X-rays and Crystals
Generalities on X-rays
- Type of radiation versus energy
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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X-ray production
Principle
- Principle of x-rays production
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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The X-ray spectrum
- X ray spectrum showing the intensity versus the wavelength for various accelerating voltage V Diagram of the molybdenum spectrum as a function of voltage applied V
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Characteristic rays
Nomenclature
- Radiative transition
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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X-ray tubes
- X-ray tube
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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X-ray absorption
- X-ray absorption
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Change in absorption coefficient versus wavelength and principle of filtering to produce monochromatic X-rays
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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X-ray vs material interactions
- Various mechanisms of interaction between x-rays and materials
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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X-ray detection
Counters
Geiger counter
- Principle of the Geiger counter
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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X-ray crystallography
History
- Friedrich and Knipping's experiment
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Bragg's law
- Demonstration of Bragg's law
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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The main experimental methods
The Laue method
- The Laue method in transmission (a) and back-diffraction (b)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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The Debye-Sherrer, or powder, method
- Diagram of a diffraction chamber
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Direct rays and back-diffracted rays
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Method using a counter diffractometer
- Counter diffractometer
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Defects in Solids
Point defects
- Point defects in crystals: (a) vacancy, (b) interstitial atom, (b') self-interstitial and (c) substitutional atom
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Frenkel and Schottky defects
- Point defects in ionic crystals (NaCl): a) presence of two vacancies with opposing charges (Shottky defect), b) formation of an interstitial-vacancy pair (Frenkel defect)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Linear defects
History
- Slip traces : transmission electron micrograph showing slip traces at the surface of an Aluminium-Silicon - Magnesium alloy (6056)
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vidéo de François Delmas, CEMES (Toulouse)
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- Slip traces on the surface of a plastically deformed single crystal superalloy and representation of these traces at the atomic scale
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Slip along a compact plane
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- (a) Shear relative to two atomic planes in a uniformly deformed crystal; (b) shear stress as a function of relative displacement of the planes in relation to their equilibrium position. The dotted line tangent to the origin of the curve defines the shear modulus.
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Slip directions and planes in FCC, BCC and HCP structures
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Geometric description
Edge dislocations
- Structure of an edge dislocation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Screw dislocations
- Structure of a screw dislocation: the vertical line passing through A that marks the location of the dislocation is surrounded by deformed material
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Burgers vector
- Burgers circuit around an edge dislocation and a screw dislocation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Closed dislocation loops
- Arbitrarily-shaped dislocation loop (E = edge character, S = screw character)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Slip resulting from the extension of a loop in its plane
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Prismatic loops
- Prismatic dislocation loop (a, b and c) of interstitial type or produced by addition of a portion of the atomic plane, (d) of vacancy type or produced by removal of an atomic plane
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Slip produced by a prismatic dislocation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Dislocation movement
Introduction
- Slip along a compact plane
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Animation permettant de visualiser le glissement par propagation d'une dislocation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Cross-sectional representation slip resulting from dislocation movement
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Displacement and deformation produced by an edge dislocation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Dislocation climb via (a) addition of an atom to the extra half-plane and (b) removal of an atom from the extra half-plane
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Displacement and deformation produced by a screw dislocation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Cross slip in a screw dislocation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Peierls stress
- Displacement of atoms around a dislocation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Dislocation dynamics
Orowan's law
- Slip by edge dislocations
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Elastic properties of dislocations
Generalities on elasticity
- Tensile conditions
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Shear conditions
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Stresses in the faces of a small cube
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Stress fields associated with dislocations
- Sketch of a hollow elastic cylinder displaced to produce a stress configuration analogous to that encountered for an edge dislocation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Sketch of a hollow elastic cylinder displaced to produce a stress configuration analogous to that encountered for a screw dislocation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Shear stresses around a screw dislocation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Normal stress and shear stress around an edge dislocation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Multiplication of dislocations
Curvature of a dislocation
- Equilibrium of a dislocation under the effect of shear stress in its slip plane
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Frank-Read mechanism
- Multiplication of dislocations by the Frank-Read mechanism (Burgers vector in the plane of the image)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Observation of dislocations
- Principle for creating a contrast using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and TEM image of a dislocation loop in 6056 alloy (Aluminum - Magnesium – Silicon)
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Arnaud Coujou et Philippe Lours, Centre d'Élaboration des Matériaux et d'Études Structurales.
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Bi-dimensional defects
Grain boundaries
Stacking faults and twins
- Stack of compact planes {111} in the FCC structure, (cross-section perpendicular to (111) dense planes and (110) dense directions). Dark atoms are in the (100) plane of the image, light atoms are in the planes immediately above or below the image plane
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Superlattice intrinsic stacking fault in a FCC structure: sketch and transmission electron microscograph of a defect
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photographie de Arnaud Coujou et Philippe Lours, Laboratoire de microscopie et structure des matériaux, Université Paul Sabatier.
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- Shockley dislocation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Schematic representation of a twin in the FCC structure and optical micrograph of a stainless steel (twinning is shown as bands with different shades of grey)
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photographie de Serge Tovar, ICA Albi - École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Three-dimensional defects
- Different types of precipitates: coherent and incoherent
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Alloys and Phase Diagrams
- Gibb's phase rules
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Solid solutions
Interstitial Solid Solutions
Face-Centred Cubic Structure
Octahedral sites
- Octahedral interstitial sites (FCC)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Tetrahedral sites
- Tetrahedral interstitial sites (FCC)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Body Centred Cubic structure
Octahedral sites
- Octahedral interstitial site (BCC)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Tetrahedral sites
- Tetrahedral interstitial site (BCC)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Conclusion
- BCC structure, arrangement of octahedral and tetrahedral sites
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Close-packed hexagonal structure
Octahedral sites
- Octahedral interstitial site in an HCP structure
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Tetrahedral sites
- Tetrahedral interstitial site in HCP lattice
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Solubility of atoms in interstitial position
- Maximum solubility (atomic %) of interstitial elements in various metals
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Substitutional Solid Solutions
- Types of substitutional solid solutions
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Ordered Solutions
- a) FCC lattice (L 10); b) FCC lattice (L 12); c) BCC lattice (L 2)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Phase Diagrams
General
- Schematic representation of a phase diagram
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Tie-line rule
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Lever rule
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Equilibrium phase diagram : eutectic type
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Equilibrium phase diagram : monotectic type
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Equilibrium phase diagram : peritectic type
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Case of Eutectic Transformation
- Binary phase diagram showing a eutectic reaction, and, in insert, the Al-Si diagram
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Alloys where 0 <= X <= X(S1)
- Case of a eutectic diagram / solidification of an alloy with composition X where 0 <= X <= X(S1)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Thermal cycling across the solvus temperature of an AlGe alloy monitored in situ in a transmission electron microscope
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vidéo de Philippe Lours, CROMEP - ENSTIMAC
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Alloys where X(S1) < X < X(S3)
Alloys where X = X(E)
- Case of a eutectic diagram: solidification of an alloy with composition X where X = X(E)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Alloys where X(S1) < X < X(E)
- Case of a eutectic diagram: solidification of an alloy with composition X where X(S1) < X < X(E)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Segregation Phenomena
- Primary or minor segregation phenomena
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Theoretical and mean solidus
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Phase diagram showing the formation of eutectics due to minor segregation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Solidification at the scale of the ingot or the cast part
- Macrograph of a refractory cast steel and diagram of crystallization zones on the scale of the ingot
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photographie de Stéphane Baleix, Serge Tovar et Philippe Lours, ICA Albi - École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Phase transformations
Diffusion
- Cu-Ni diffusion couple; distribution, as a function of time, of Cu and Ni after diffusion annealing
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Diffusion mechanisms
- Thermal activation of a diffusion mechanism
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Phenomenological diffusion laws: Fick's equations
Fick's first law
- Demonstration of Fick's first law
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Fick's second law
- Demonstration of Fick's second law
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Some Applications
Oxide layer growth
- Metal in contact with an oxidising atmosphere and micrography of an oxide NiO grown on the surface of pure Ni heated to 1300°C
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photographie de Y. Qi et Philippe Lours, ICA Albi - École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Diffusion of a thin layer
- Diffusion of a thin layer A in metal B
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Superficial concentration maintained constant
- Curves C(x) for a semi-infinite specimen in contact with a constant superficial concentration
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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A/B pair (cladding)
- Curves C(x) for an infinite A/B couple
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Phase transformations
Nucleation and growth of a new phase
Conditions for the appearance of stability in spherical nuclei
- Variation in free energy as a function of nucleus radius
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Heterogeneous nucleation
- Heterogeneous nucleation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Dendrites formed during solidification of cast martensitic steel X30Cr13
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photographie de Karine Bavard et Philippe Lours, CROMEP - ENSTIMAC
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TTT diagrams
- a) Phase transformation rate is the product of the germination rate and the growth rate ; b) Transformation curve in the plane (T, t)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Schematic representation of TTT diagrams: a) In relation to phase transformation isotherm; b) To determine, at this temperature, the time needed to attain conversion rates of 1% and 99%, i.e. ts and tf respectively (transformation start and finish)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Diffusionless transformations
- TTT diagram showing the formation of glass or crystal depending on the cooling rate
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Martensitic transformation in steels; a) TTT curve, Ms and Mf are the martensitic transformation start and finish temperatures b) martensite structure (FeM)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Material stressed, material strained
Materials subject to static stress
Tensile curve
- Principle for the tensile test
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Tensile curve
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Engineering stress and strain
- Engineering stress-strain curve
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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True stress and strain
- Engineering versus true stress-strain curve
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Elasticity, plasticity and behaviour law
Elastic behaviour
- Phenomenology of elasticity
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Phenomenology of viscoelasticity
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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plastic behaviour
dislocations multiply
- Engineering versus true stress-strain curve
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Stress-strain curve at high temperatures: no strain hardening, the density of dislocations does not increase with deformation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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dislocations recombine
- Principle of dislocations annihilation by recombination
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Ductility, fragility and the ductile-brittle transition
- Ductility versus type of strain
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Stress-strain curve in a brittle material
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Schematic representation of brittle fracture using the spring model
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Stress concentration and expression of stress at the tip of a notch
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Evolution in ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, necking and impact strength energy for a body-centred cubic steel around the ductile-to-brittle transition
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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fracture surfaces
- Classification of fractures according to kinetics
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Classification of fractures according to observation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Ductile fracture
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Serge Tovar et Philippe Lours, Institut Clément Ader, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Brittle fracture by cleavage
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Serge Tovar et Philippe Lours, Institut Clément Ader, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Brittle fracture by decohesion
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Serge Tovar et Philippe Lours, Institut Clément Ader, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Relationship between stress, the ductile or brittle character of the material and the macroscopic morphology of the fracture surfaces: tension
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Relationship between stress, the ductile or brittle character of the material and the macroscopic morphology of the fracture surfaces: compression
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Relationship between stress, the ductile or brittle character of the material and the macroscopic morphology of the fracture surfaces: torsion
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Relationship between stress, the ductile or brittle character of the material and the macroscopic morphology of the fracture surfaces: bending
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Residual stresses
- Stress concentration at the tip of a notch
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Neuber hyperbola
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Notions of fracture mechanics
Stress intensity factor
- Rupture mode by crack opening, sliding or tearing
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Definition of a crack
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Stress tensor at point M
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Dimension of the plastic zone at crack tip
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Toughness
- Schematic of a CT specimen while crack propagates
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Tensile curve and crack opening
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Experimental determination of toughness
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Material strength versus fracture mechanics approach
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Multi-scale approach adopted in fracture mechanics
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Fatigue behaviour
Overall approach: Wölher curves
- The Wölher curve
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Description of different types of fatigue loading (Rsigma: stressratio)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Stress-strain hysteresis loop for a X38CrMoV5 steel (H11)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Stress relaxation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Manson Coffin curves (H11-H13 steel and INCO718 tested at 550 °C)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Differential approach: Paris law
- Damage tolerance test: Irwin specimen
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Damage tolerance test: stress cycle
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Damage tolerance test: crack propagation in an aluminium copper alloy (2024)
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J. Xvereb, M. Chevallier et Philippe Lours, Institut Clément Ader, Mines-Albi, 2014.
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- Damage tolerance test: propagation curve
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Crack initiation, propagation and failure analysis
- Fatigue failure: initiation of a surface crack
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Fatigue failure: intrusion-extrusion phenomenon
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Fracture surface in fatigue for a X38CrMoV5 steel
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Sabine Leroux et Philippe Lours, Institut Clément Ader, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Fracture surface in fatigue for a X38CrMoV5 steel
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Sabine Leroux et Philippe Lours, Institut Clément Ader, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Fracture surface in fatigue for an IN718 specimen tested at 550°C
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Fabio Taina, Denis Delagnes et Philippe Lours, Institut Clément Ader, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Fatigue striations for an IN718 specimen tested at 550°C
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Fabio Taina, Denis Delagnes et Philippe Lours, Institut Clément Ader, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Fatigue striations in a carbon steel
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Serge Tovar et Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Fatigue damage
- Miner's damage in fatigue
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Creep behaviour
- Difference between creep and elasticity : importance of temperature
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Phenomenology of creep
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Turbine blades, service temperature and possible creep
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Justification for choosing titanium instead of aluminium for supersonic aeronautical applications
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Creep tests
- Typical creep test
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Microstructural mechanisms
- Scanning electron micrograph showing showing grains and grain boudaries in a nickel based superalloy
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Fabio Tania, Denis Delagnes et Philippe Lours, Institut Clément Ader, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- High resolution transmission electron micrographs of an Al-Al grain boundary and an Al-Ge phase boundary
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Climb of edge dislocations assisted by vacancy diffusion
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Ashby deformation map
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Formation of voids and intergranular creep fracture (FeCrAl alloy - ODS – Oxide Dispersion Strengthened – obtained by powder metallurgy)
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Sabine Leroux et Philippe Lours, Institut Clément Ader, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Evolution of turbine blade microstructures: macrographic view
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Evolution of turbine blade microstructures: schematic representation of grain structure
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Evolution of turbine blade microstructures: relation between grain structure and increased creep life
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Directional solidification: principle of the lost wax casting process with grain selector developed for single crystal solidification
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Larson-Miller parameters
- Larson-Miller parameters for nickel-based superalloys manufactured using equiaxe solidification (IN100), directional solidification (DS200) and single crystal solidification (AM1)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Stress-time to failure isothermal curves for a polycrystalline nickel-based superalloy
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Stress versus temperature for different times to failure
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Variation in time to failure as a function of temperature for different levels of arbitrarily selected stress
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Larson-Miller master curve
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Hardening methods
Hardening without heat treatment
Solid solution strengthening
- Face-centred cubic Bravais lattice and octahedral interstitial sites
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Strain (or work) hardening
- Principle of strain hardening
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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Hardening with heat treatment
Precipitation hardening of aluminium alloys
- Heat treatment for precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys: schematic phase diagram, solution treatment temperature, initial microstructure (room temperature) and microstructure of the solutionized alloy (T > T2)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Precipitation hardening heat treatment of aluminium alloys: schematic representation of the microstructure at the atomic scale (solution-treated alloy)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Thermal cycling across the solvus temperature of an AlGe alloy monitored in situ in a transmission electron microscope
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vidéo de Philippe Lours, CROMEP - ENSTIMAC
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- Precipitation hardening heat treatment of aluminium alloys: quenching that generates a metastable structure not shown in the phase diagram
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Precipitation hardening heat treatment of aluminium alloys: schematic representation of the microstructure at the atomic scale (quenched alloy: identical to the solution-treated alloy)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Precipitation hardening heat treatment of aluminium alloys: tempering temperature and schematic representation of the microstructure at the atomic scale
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Precipitation hardening heat treatment of aluminium alloys: schematic representation of the microstructure at the atomic scale (tempered alloy)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Tempering of precipitation hardening aluminium alloys : principle of treatment using a stationary temperature gradient to determine optimal tempering temperatures
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Tempering of precipitation hardening aluminium alloys: change in hardness (or yield strength) as a function of tempering temperature (or tempering time)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Tempering of precipitation hardening aluminium alloys: Mg2Si precipitates formed in 6056 alloy (AlMgSi) (high resolution TEM image)
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Armand Coujou et Philippe Lours, Centre d'Élaboration des Matériaux et d’Études Structurales.
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- Tempering of precipitation hardening aluminium alloys : pinning-unpinning of a dislocation on Mg2Si precipitates (6056 alloy – in situ TEM sequence)
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Armand Coujou et Philippe Lours, Centre d'Élaboration des Matériaux et d'Études Structurales.
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Hardening through martensitic transformation of steels
- Iron-carbon phase diagram
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Scanning electron micrograph showing the characteristic microstructure of martensite in steel X38CrMoV5
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Serge Tovar, Denis Delagnes et Philippe Lours, Institut Clément Ader, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Schematic CCT diagram, Jominy specimen and associated hardness profiles (domains III, II and I represent respectively the cooling rate domains giving rise to the formation of martensite, intermediate composites, or ferrite and cementite stable phases)
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Jominy hardness profile for C38, 38CrMo4 and 35NiCrMo16 steels
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Tensile properties of 35NiCrMo16 steel as a function of tempering temperature
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Evolution of $R_{e \, 0,2}$, $R_m$, $A\%$ and $Z\%$ of 35NiCrMo16 steel as a function of tempering temperature
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Evolution of $K_{\rm cu}$ of 35NiCrMo16 steel as a function of tempering temperature
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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- Terminological analogies and metallurgical differences between hardening by precipitation and hardening by martensitic transformation
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Philippe Lours, École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014.
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